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Reference Specimens
Portugal - Panasqueira

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This page gathers together the specimens that, because of their quality, rarity or interesting locality, we wish to maintain on our web site as reference specimens.


PANASQUEIRA MINE


 

 

 

 

 

 

Panasqueira mine

There is a great mine that is still active within the Iberian peninsular: the mine of Panasqueira, in the Beira Baixa region of Portugal. The current low price of Wolfram and the competition from other sources means that commercial operation is tough. But for all this, this classic locality has for over 100 years produced, and keeps on producing, fine specimens. These include exceptional specimens of Apatite-(CaF), Ferberite, Arsenopyrite, Siderite, Quartz and numerous other species such as: Chalcopyrite, Sphalerite, Dolomite, Calcite, Mica, Tourmaline, Fluorite, Topaz and Triplite. It has also produced some very rare minerals including Panasqueiraite and Thadeuite. The great feature of these specimens, apart from their quality, is the fact that they almost always combine quite a few mineral species, so the paragenesis has made this mine famous throughout the world.

I started to visit this locality when I was 14 years old, and I have never stopped visiting it since. So I must have been to visit it well over a 100 times. For many years the sale of mineral specimens from the mine was forbidden, as Wolfram was a strategic mineral. So the moments I passed there acquiring specimens could form the basis of quite an exciting book! Over the years I got to know miners, shift managers, administration staff, engineers and geologists. Some were friendly while others were not, but they were all interested in not only the money they could obtain from 'as pedras' ('the rocks' in Portuguese) but also the beauty of the specimens.

Quite a few years ago, and at the same time as Portugal began to change after its entry into the European Union, things began to become easier. However, unfortunately, obtaining good specimens has one again got more difficult, but this time due to the way the mine is worked and the lower grade seams. All that said, I'm still 'trapped' by the beauty of the minerals and the large number of friends I have developed over all those years.

If you want more general and scientific information on this great mine you can get it by following this link. It leads you to a page where we have reproduced text and photos from one of the few publications produced by the mine itself.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Apatite-(CaF)

Apatite-(CaF) on Ferberite
Apatite-(CaF) on Ferberite. Front
Front
Apatite-(CaF) on Ferberite. Side
Side

NC36: Delicate rosette of Apatite-(CaF) perched on a brilliant Ferberite crystal partially covered by Siderite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2002)

Specimen size: 6 × 3.5 × 2 cm

Main crystal size: 1.7 × 1.3 cm

Minor fluorescence long & short UV


 
Apatite-(CaF) with Ferberite and Siderite

ND36F2: A group of prismatic crystals of flat, long and brilliant Ferberite are visible in this specimen, partially covered by Siderite and peppered with prisms of Apatite-(CaF).
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2001)

Specimen size: 9.5 × 6 × 3 cm

Main crystal size: 1.5 × 1.4 cm

Apatite-(CaF) fluorescent long & short UV


Apatite-(CaF) with Ferberite and Siderite.
Apatite-(CaF) with Ferberite and Siderite.
 
Apatite-(CaF)
Apatite-(CaF). Front
Front
Apatite-(CaF). Side
Side

TD86H9: The crystal is short and has well-defined faces and edges. Looking like doubly terminated, although is incomplete (rehealed) on its back side and in the lower zone.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal

Specimen size: 6.2 × 5.5 × 4.3 cm

Fluorescence short UV & low fluorescence long UV


 
Apatite-(CaF) with Mica, Siderite and Chalcopyrite

NM40E2: A perfect, floater Apatite-(CaF), with the base of the crystal healed. It is a nice intense blue-violet color, which is very sought after and difficult to find. On the rear edges of the crystal you can see areas of re-crystallization on which small amounts of Mica, Siderite and Chalcopyrite have formed. A really great specimen.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal (±1988)

Specimen size: 4.8 × 2.6 × 2.9 cm


Apatite-(CaF) with Mica, Siderite and Chalcopyrite. Front
Front
Apatite-(CaF) with Mica, Siderite and Chalcopyrite. Top
Top
 
Apatite-(CaF)
Apatite-(CaF).
Apatite-(CaF).

NC16G4: Crystals, small, are very defined but both the type of the aggregate and its color are very uncommon. The specimen is very different from the usual of Panasqueira.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 7.4 × 4.6 × 5.2 cm

Very fluorescent long & short UV


 


Ferberite

Ferberite with Calcite

NG60G8: Group of prismatic crystals with very sharp edges and of intense luster. The specimen is covered, essentially on the back, by small crystals of Calcite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 5.8 × 3.2 × 2.2 cm


Ferberite with Calcite.
 
Ferberite with Quartz
Ferberite with Quartz. Front
Front
Ferberite with Quartz. Side
Side
Ferberite with Quartz. Top
Top

RM86K4: Closed, dense group of crystals of thick tabular appearance, one of them clearly dominant, with an excellent definition of faces and edges and intense luster. On the backside there is a small Quartz crystal.
Panasqueira Mines, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal (±1980)

Specimen size: 5.8 × 4.7 × 3.4 cm

With handwritten note from the Folch Collection


 
Doubly terminated Ferberite with doubly terminated Quartz

ND30F3: Crystals of doubly terminated Ferberite are not common from Panasqueira, especially with this one's size and definition. In this case we can add that it is neatly and esthetically placed on a complex crystal of doubly terminated Quartz, which has a coating of Siderite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 11.7 × 6.5 × 4 cm

Main crystal size: 6.5 × 5 cm


Doubly terminated Ferberite with doubly terminated Quartz. Front
Front
Doubly terminated Ferberite with doubly terminated Quartz. Side
Side
Doubly terminated Ferberite with doubly terminated Quartz. Bottom
Bottom
 


Sulfides

Arsenopyrite with Siderite and Muscovite
Arsenopyrite with Siderite and Muscovite. Front
Front
Arsenopyrite with Siderite and Muscovite. Top
Top

TY76H9: Parallel growth of elongated crystals with small crystals of Siderite and Muscovite. The parallel growth is evident on the terminal faces.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal

Specimen size: 7.3 × 4 × 4.4 cm


 
Arsenopyrite with Muscovite and Pyrite

NB47G4: Extraordinary group both for crystal size, very bright and sharply defined, and for its contrast with a crystallized Muscovite matrix. Between Arsenopyrite crystals appears, very centered, a little cube of Pyrite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 10.8 × 7.8 × 4.9 cm


Arsenopyrite with Muscovite and Pyrite. Arsenopyrite with Muscovite and Pyrite.
 
Arsenopyrite with Quartz and Siderite
Arsenopyrite with Quartz and Siderite. Arsenopyrite with Quartz and Siderite.

P14ADK0: Group of crystals with different shades of iridescence on matrix with a Quartz crystal and small tabular crystals of Siderite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2000)

Specimen size: 11.4 × 8.4 × 4.5 cm

Main crystal size: 1.9 × 1.2 cm


 
Arsenopyrite-Marcasite epitaxial

T81ZB1: Huge epitaxial crystals of Arsenopyrite and Marcasite. They have grown together and you cannot tell where one starts and the other ends. In this case the crystal form is that of Marcasite but color and luster is that of Arsenopyrite. So you really cannot tell what is what! Brownish Mica at the base makes a good contrast in this interesting specimen.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal

Specimen size: 6.5 × 7 cm


Arsenopyrite-Marcasite epitaxial. Front
Front
Arsenopyrite-Marcasite epitaxial. Top
Top
 
Pyrite
Pyrite.

NM10F2: The cubic crystals of Pyrite are piled on top of each other on a single axis, forming very interesting and attractive features. Very different from other ones from this mine.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 6.5 × 4.5 × 2.5 cm


 
Pyrite with Arsenopyrite and Dolomite

TG13H9: A typical Pyrite from Panasqueira. At first it appears botryoidal but a closer look shows of groups of cubic crystals.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal

Specimen size: 8.8 × 8.2 × 3.5 cm


Pyrite with Arsenopyrite and Dolomite. Pyrite with Arsenopyrite and Dolomite.
 
Pyrite with Marcasite and Quartz
Pyrite with Marcasite and Quartz. Pyrite with Marcasite and Quartz.

N91HB4: Nice isn't it? Just sulphides on Quartz but the esthetics are superb!
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal

Specimen size: 8.6 × 6 × 3.5 cm


 
Chalcopyrite and Quartz

N3BA2: Chalcopyrite with Quartz. Sharp crystal.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal (1997)

Specimen size: 3.5 × 3 cm


Chalcopyrite and Quartz.
 
Epitaxial Sphalerite-Chalcopyrite, Arsenopyrite and Galena
Epitaxial Sphalerite-Chalcopyrite, Arsenopyrite and Galena.

NC16I7: Complex crystals of Chalcopyrite, very bright and with clearly curved faces and edges, covered by epitaxial growths of Sphalerite forming a crust, with minor Galena and prismatic crystals of Arsenopyrite. Interesting and original.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 10.8 × 7.3 × 5.3 cm


 
Tetrahedrite with Siderite and Apatite-(CaF)

N13BF2: A real rarity for this mine, as we think that almost no one has ever noted the presence of Tetrahedrite at Panasqueira. The small brilliant crystals are gray-black and are on prismatic Siderite. There is also some green Apatite-(CaF), which adds to the interest of the specimen. We will give the buyer a copy of the analysis of the Tetrahedrite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2000)

Specimen size: 8 × 6.5 × 3 cm

Apatite-(CaF) fluorescent long & short UV


Tetrahedrite with Siderite and Apatite-(CaF). Tetrahedrite with Siderite and Apatite-(CaF).
 


Carbonates

Siderite with Chalcopyrite, Apatite-(CaF) and Ferberite
Siderite with Chalcopyrite, Apatite-(CaF) and Ferberite.

NB63G4: Very aerial lenticular crystals, very defined and with especially esthetic color. We also emphasize the dominant crystal's position on the matrix of Pyrite, Sphalerite and little Apatite-(CaF) crystals.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 7 × 5.8 × 3.7 cm

Main crystal size: 4.5 × 3.2 cm


 
Siderite with Apatite-(CaF) and Quartz

N96CG3: A very large crystal. Its color is lovely and the trigonal symmetry is clearly revealed by its triangular central face. On the surface of its faces appear, recrystallized and with color zoning, some little crystals of the same Siderite with Apatite-(CaF) and Quartz.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (1999)

Specimen size: 11.5 × 9.5 × 5.5 cm

Apatite-(CaF) intense fluorescence long & short UV


Siderite with Apatite-(CaF) and Quartz.
 
Siderite with Arsenopyrite
Siderite with Arsenopyrite.

NJ62G1: An very attractive group of tabular Siderite crystals with defined color zones in its peripheries. The group is on a matrix in of Arsenopyrite, Sphalerite, Quartz and Pyrite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 7.2 × 5 × 4.5 cm


 
Siderite with Quartz and Apatite-(CaF)

N12TK0: Group of first generation crystals, so they are translucent and have an excellent color and luster. On the Siderite there is a small group of tabular Apatite-(CaF) crystals and Quartz crystals. This type of first generation Siderite is very uncommon at Panasqueira.
Minas da Panasqueira, level 2, Beira Baixa  Portugal (1995)

Specimen size: 6.6 × 4.4 × 2.1 cm

Main crystal size: 6.1 × 2 cm

Apatite-(CaF) very fluorescent long & short UV


Siderite with Quartz and Apatite-(CaF). Front
Front
Siderite with Quartz and Apatite-(CaF). Side
Side
 
Dolomite with Siderite, Quartz and Ferberite
Dolomite with Siderite, Quartz and Ferberite. Dolomite with Siderite, Quartz and Ferberite.

NE10G8: Group of rhombohedral crystals whose development is quite different from the usual from Panasqueira. Crystals are on a Quartz and Ferberite matrix and have over them a lot of little crystals of Siderite and Quartz.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2004)

Specimen size: 8.5 × 7 × 3.4 cm

Main crystal size: 1.2 × 1.1 cm


 


Quartz

Quartz with Arsenopyrite

NG13E2: Transparent Quartz, very perfect, and with the base re-crystallized. There are also some very brilliant crystals of Arsenopyrite associated with it – both within (inclusions) and on the Quartz.
Minas da Panasqueira, Level 3, Beira Baixa  Portugal (2002)

Specimen size: 9.5 × 3.2 × 2.8 cm

Main crystal size: 9.5 × 2.4 cm


Quartz with Arsenopyrite. Quartz with Arsenopyrite.
 


Cassiterite

Cassiterite with Quartz and Apatite-(CaF)
Cassiterite with Quartz and Apatite-(CaF). Cassiterite with Quartz and Apatite-(CaF).

TH26J8: The crystals have perfectly bright and defined faces and edges and form a cyclic twin. The matrix is formed by Quartz crystals with tabular, very fluorescent, crystals of Apatite-(CaF) and small coverage of Muscovite.
Minas da Panasqueira, Beira Baixa  Portugal

Specimen size: 5.1 × 3.7 × 2 cm

Main crystal size: 1.3 × 0.9 cm

Apatite-(CaF) very fluorescent long & short UV


 


PORTUGAL


Preguiça Mine

Descloizite is a mineral not well known in good quality specimens from the European continent. Even considering that the Preguiça Mine, in Portugal, was known for years for its Descloizite and a wide variety of zinc minerals, the quality of the samples was not especially high because the crystals were too small or not esthetic.
Between 2005 and 2006 groups of collectors from Huelva (Spain) were intensely working that mine and finally found some pockets with specimens of Descloizite of high quality, some of them particularly esthetic (and scarce) stalactitic or columnar and associated with white Calcite.
In our opinion these specimens can be considered as the best Descloizites found in Europe.

Just to be certain, we analyzed them and the analysis proved that they are definitely Descloizite. To be more exact, slightly copper rich Descloizite, but the mineral species is Descloizite. We will send a copy of this analysis to our customers who buy this material.

Willemite

NF57J1: At this locality where the most well known mineral is Descloizite, there are other interesting samples. This Willemite has small but very well defined crystals whose clear color contrasts with the dark Limonite matrix. The specimen is intensely fluorescent under ultraviolet light. The sample has been analyzed and we will send a copy of the analysis to the buyer.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 6.7 × 3.9 × 2.4 cm

Intense fluorescence short UV & fluorescent long UV


Willemite.
Willemite.
 
Willemite
Willemite.
Willemite.

NK10J1: At this locality where the most well known mineral is Descloizite, there are other interesting samples. This Willemite has small but very well defined crystals whose clear color contrasts with the dark Limonite matrix. The specimen is intensely fluorescent under ultraviolet light. The sample has been analyzed and we will send a copy of the analysis to the buyer.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 7.3 × 4.8 × 5 cm

Intense fluorescence short UV & fluorescent long UV


 
Willemite pseudo Cerussite

NL57J5: One of the novelties of the year from Preguiça Mine. Willemite replaced small crystals that we suppose were Cerussite, not analytically confirmed because Willemite completely replaced the preexisting species.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 3.8 × 2 × 2.2 cm

Main crystal size: 0.3 × 0.1 cm

Intense fluorescence short UV & fluorescent long UV


Willemite pseudo Cerussite.
 
Descloizite with Calcite
Descloizite with Calcite.

NJ57I8: Columnar, very aerial growths of dipyramidal crystals, most of them doubly terminated, with very well-defined faces and edges. They have good luster and are on white Calcite crystals.
This specimen was photographed in the magazine ‘Le Règne Minéral’ number 75, page 23.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 4.9 × 2.9 × 1.4 cm


 
Descloizite with Calcite

NF36I8: Very esthetic sample, with columnar, very aerial growths of dipyramidal crystals, most of them doubly terminated, with very well-defined faces and edges. They have good luster and are on white Calcite crystals. The color is different and more attractive than most of this kind of specimen combining black color with brownish and reddish shades.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 7.2 × 2.7 × 2.7 cm

Main crystal size: 0.1 × 0.1 cm


Descloizite with Calcite. Front
Front
Descloizite with Calcite. Side
Side
 
Descloizite with Calcite
Descloizite with Calcite. Front
Front
Descloizite with Calcite. Side
Side

NA96I7: A very esthetic specimen, on Limonite matrix, with columnar growths of small very bright crystals, most of them doubly terminated, forming dipyramids with very well-defined faces and edges. On the Descloizite there are esthetic groups of small scalenohedral crystals of white Calcite.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 9 × 8 × 7.2 cm

Main crystal size: 0.1 × 0.1 cm


 
Descloizite with Calcite

NG50I7: Flattened group of columnar growths of small very bright crystals, most of them doubly terminated, forming dipyramids with very well-defined faces and edges. On one of the sides, in which Descloizite is more visible, there is a botryoidal growth of Calcite, while the opposite side is completely covered by very acute scalenohedral crystals of white Calcite.
Mina da Preguiça, Sobral da Adiça, Moura, Beja  Portugal (2005-2006)

Specimen size: 12.3 × 6.7 × 4.4 cm

Main crystal size: 0.1 × 01 cm


Descloizite with Calcite. Front
Front
Descloizite with Calcite. Rear
Rear
 


Pseudomalachite
Pseudomalachite. Front
Front
Pseudomalachite. Side
Side

N6AI7: Botryoidal and microcrystalline growths on matrix of this relatively rare phosphate. Its green color is quite variable, darker when more crystalline. The specimen is very rich in Pseudomalachite.
Miguel Vacas Mine, Vila Viçosa, Évora  Portugal (1997)

Specimen size: 10.3 × 8 × 6.5 cm


 



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